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The present-day seismic structure of the mantle under theNorth Atlantic Ocean indicates that the Iceland hotspot represents thesurface expression of a deep mantle plume, which is thought to have eruptedin the North Atlantic domain during the Palaeocene. The spatial and temporalevolution of the plume since its eruption is still highly debated, andlittle is known about its deep mantle history. Here, we usepalaeogeographically constrained global mantle flow models to investigate theevolution of deep Earth flow beneath the North Atlantic since the Jurassic.The models show that over the last ∼ 100 Myr a remarkablystable pattern of convergent flow has prevailed in the lowermost mantle nearthe tip of the African Large Low-Shear Velocity Province (LLSVP), making itan ideal plume nucleation site. We extract model dynamic topographyrepresentative of a plume beneath the North Atlantic region since eruptionat ∼ 60 Ma to present day and compare its evolution toavailable offshore geological and geophysical observations across theregion. This comparison confirms that a widespread episode of Palaeocenetransient uplift followed by early Eocene anomalous subsidence can beexplained by the mantle-driven effects of a plume head ∼ 2500 km in diameter, arriving beneath central eastern Greenland during thePalaeocene. The location of the model plume eruption beneath easternGreenland is compatible with several previous models. The predicted dynamictopography is within a few hundred metres of Palaeocene anomalous subsidencederived from well data. This is to be expected given the current limitationsinvolved in modelling the evolution of Earth's mantle flow in 3-D,particularly its interactions with the base of a heterogeneous lithosphereas well as short-wavelength advective upper mantle flow, not captured in thepresented global models

The deep Earth origin of the Iceland plume and its effects on regional surface uplift and subsidence