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Vegetation cover (VC) change detection is essential for a betterunderstanding of the interactions and interrelationships between humans andtheir ecosystem. Remote sensing (RS) technology is one of the most beneficialtools to study spatial and temporal changes of VC. A case study has beenconducted in the agro-ecosystem (AE) of Al-Kharj, in the center of SaudiArabia. Characteristics and dynamics of total VC changes during a period of26 years (1987–2013) were investigated. A multi-temporal set of images wasprocessed using Landsat images from Landsat4 TM 1987, Landsat7 ETM+2000, andLandsat8 to investigate the drivers responsible for the total VC pattern andchanges, which are linked to both natural and social processes. The analysesof the three satellite images concluded that the surface area of the total VCincreased by 107.4 % between 1987 and 2000 and decreased by27.5 % between years 2000 and 2013. The field study, review of secondarydata, and community problem diagnosis using the participatory rural appraisal(PRA) method suggested that the drivers for this change are the deteriorationand salinization of both soil and water resources. Ground truth dataindicated that the deteriorated soils in the eastern part of the Al-Kharj AEare frequently subjected to sand dune encroachment, while the southwesternpart is frequently subjected to soil and groundwater salinization. Thegroundwater in the western part of the ecosystem is highly saline, with asalinity  ≥ 6 dS m<sup>−1</sup>. The ecosystem management approach applied inthis study can be used to alike AE worldwide

Vegetation cover change detection and assessment in arid environment using multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecosystem management approach