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Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physicsof land surface processes from local to global scales, and it is one of theindicators of environmental quality. Evaluation of the surface temperaturedistribution and its relation to existing land use types are veryimportant to the investigation of the urban microclimate. In arid and semi-aridregions, understanding the role of land use changes in the formation ofurban heat islands is necessary for urban planning to control orreduce surface temperature. The internal factors and environmental conditions ofYazd city have important roles in the formation of special thermalconditions in Iran. In this paper, we used the temperature–emissivity separation (TES) algorithm for LST retrieving from the TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) data of the LandsatThematic Mapper (TM). The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used for validation of retrieved LST values.The RMSE of 0.9 and 0.87 °C and R2 of 0.98 and0.99 were obtained for the 1998 and 2009 images, respectively. Land use typesforthe city of Yazd were identified and relationships between land use types,land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were analyzed. The Kappa coefficientand overall accuracy were calculated for accuracy assessment of land useclassification. The Kappa coefficient values are 0.96 and 0.95 and theoverall accuracy values are 0.97 and 0.95 for the 1998 and 2009 classifiedimages, respectively. The results showed an increase of 1.45 °Cin the average surface temperature. The results of this study showed thatoptical and thermal remote sensing methodologies can be used to researchurban environmental parameters. Finally, it was found that special thermalconditions in Yazd were formed by land use changes. Increasing the area ofasphalt roads, residential, commercial and industrial land use types anddecreasing the area of the parks, green spaces and fallow lands in Yazd caused a rise in surface temperature during the 11-yearperiod

Using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor to detect change in land surface temperature in relation to land use change in Yazd, Iran