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Abstract. For the first time, we apply a full-scale 3D seismicvirtual-source survey (VSS) for the purpose of near-mine mineralexploration. The data were acquired directly above the Kylylahti undergroundmine in Finland. Recorded ambient noise (AN) data are characterized usingpower spectral density (PSD) and beamforming. Data have the most energy atfrequencies 25–90 Hz, and arrivals with velocities higher than 4 km s−1 have awide range of azimuths. Based on the PSD and beamforming results, we created10 d subset of AN recordings that were dominated by multi-azimuthhigh-velocity arrivals. We use an illumination diagnosis technique andlocation procedure to show that the AN recordings associated with highapparent velocities are related to body-wave events. Next, we produce 994virtual-source gathers by applying seismic interferometry processing bycross-correlating AN at all receivers, resulting in full 3D VSS. We applystandard 3D time-domain reflection seismic data processing and imaging usingboth a selectively stacked subset and full passive data, and we validate theresults against a pre-existing detailed geological information and 3Dactive-source survey data processed in the same way as the passive data. Theresulting post-stack migrated sections show agreement of reflections betweenthe passive and active data and indicate that VSS provides images where theactive-source data are not available due to terrain restrictions. Weconclude that while the all-noise approach provides some higher-qualityreflections related to the inner geological contacts within the targetformation and the general dipping trend of the formation, the selectedsubset is most efficient in resolving the base of formation.

solid earth

Reflection imaging of complex geology in a crystalline environment using virtual-source seismology: case study from the Kylylahti polymetallic mine, Finland