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Precipitation is the main recharge source of groundwater in the plain of\udBeijing, China. Rapid expansion of urbanization has resulted in increased\udbuilt-up area and decreased amount of effective recharge of precipitation to\udgroundwater, indirectly leading to the long-term over-exploitation of\udgroundwater, and induced regional land subsidence. Based on the combination\udof meteorological data, groundwater level data, interferometric synthetic\udaperture radar (InSAR; specifically persistent scatterer interferometry,\udPSI), geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and\udrainfall recharge theory, this paper presents a systematic analysis of\udspatial-temporal variation of groundwater level and land subsidence\udevolution. Results show that rainfall has been decreasing annually, while the\udexploitation of groundwater is increasing and the groundwater level is\uddeclining, which is has caused the formation and evolution of land\udsubsidence. Seasonal and interannual variations exist in the evolution of\udland subsidence; the subsidence is uneven in both spatial and temporal\uddistribution. In 2011, at the center of mapped subsidence the subsidence rate\udwas greater than 120 mm a<sup>−1</sup>. The results revealed good\udcorrelation between the spatial distribution of groundwater level declines\udand subsidence. The research results show that it is beneficial to measure\udthe evolution of land subsidence to dynamic variations of groundwater levels\udby combining InSAR or PSI, groundwater-level data, and GIS. This apprpach\udprovides improved information for environmental and hydrogeologic research\udand a scientific basis for regional land subsidence control

Spatial-temporal variation of groundwater and land subsidence evolution in Beijing area