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. The variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) inthe northwest Pacific has been studied on seasonal, annual and interannualscales based on the monthly datasets of extended reconstructedsea surface temperature (ERSST) 3b (1854–2017, 164 years) andoptimum interpolation sea surface temperature version 2 (OISST V2 (1988–2017,30 years). The overall trends, spatial–temporaldistribution characteristics, regional differences in seasonal trends andseasonal differences of SST in the northwest Pacific have been calculatedover the past 164 years based on these datasets. In the past 164 years, theSST in the northwest Pacific has been increasing linearly year by year, witha trend of 0.033  ∘ C/10 years.The SST during the period from 1870 to1910 is slowly decreasing and staying in the range between 25.2and 26.0  ∘ C. During the period of 1910–1930, the SST as a wholemaintained a low value, which is at the minimum of 164 years. After1930, SST continued to increase until now. The increasing trend in thepast 30 years has reached 0.132  ∘ C/10 years, and the increasing trendin the past 10 years is 0.306  ∘ C/10 years, which is around 10 times that ofthe past 164 years. The SST in most regions of the northwest Pacificshowed a linear increasing trend year by year, and the increasing trend inthe offshore region was stronger than that in the ocean and deep-sea region.The change in trend of the SST in the northwest Pacific shows a largeseasonal difference, and the increasing trend in autumn and winter is largerthan that in spring and summer. There are some correlations between the SSTand some climate indices and atmospheric parameters; the correlations betweenthe SST and some atmospheric parameters have been discussed, such as those of the North AtlanticOscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), SouthernOscillation Index (SOI) anomaly, total columnwater (TCW), NINO3.4 index, sea level pressure (SLP), precipitation, temperature at 2 m (T2) and wind speed. Thelowest SST in China offshore basically occurred in February and thehighest in August. The SST fluctuation in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea (BYS)is the largest, with a range from 5 to 22  ∘ C; theSST in the East China Sea (ECS) is from 18 to 27  ∘ C; the smallestfluctuations occur in the South China Sea (SCS), maintainedat range of 26 to 29  ∘ C. There are largedifferences between the mean and standard deviation in different searegions.

The long-term spatiotemporal variability of sea surface temperature in the northwest Pacific and China offshore