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. Understanding the relationship between sound-scattering layers (SSLs) andpelagic habitat characteristics is a substantial step to apprehend ecosystemdynamics. SSLs are detected on echo sounders representing aggregated marinepelagic organisms. In this study, SSL characteristics of zooplankton andmicronekton were identified during an upwelling event in two contrastingareas of the Senegalese continental shelf. Here a cold upwelling-influencedinshore area was sharply separated by a strong thermal boundary from adeeper, warmer, stratified offshore area. Mean SSL thickness and SSL verticaldepth increased with the shelf depth. The thickest and deepest SSLs wereobserved in the offshore part of the shelf. Hence, zooplankton andmicronekton seem to occur more frequently in stratified water conditionsrather than in fresh upwelled water. Diel vertical and horizontal migrationsof SSLs were observed in the study area. Diel period and physicochemicalwater characteristics influenced SSL depth and SSL thickness. Althoughchlorophyll- a concentration insignificantly affected SSL characteristics, thepeak of chlorophyll  a was always located above or in the middle of the SSLs,regularly matching with the peak of SSL biomass. Such observations indicatetrophic relationships, suggesting SSLs to be mainly composed ofphytoplanktivorous zooplankton and micronekton. Despite local hypoxia, below30 m depth, distribution patterns of SSLs indicate no vertical migrationboundary. The results increase the understanding of the spatial organization of mid-trophic species and migration patterns of zooplankton and micronekton, and they will also improve dispersal models for organisms in upwelling regions.

Fine-scale vertical structure of sound-scattering layers over an east border upwelling system and its relationship to pelagic habitat characteristics