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. The Sea of Azov is a small, shallow, and freshened seathat receives a large freshwater discharge. Under certain external forcingconditions low-salinity waters from the Sea of Azov flow into the north-easternpart of the Black Sea through the narrow Kerch Strait and form asurface-advected buoyant plume. Water flow in the Kerch Strait alsoregularly occurs in the opposite direction, which results in the spreading of abottom-advected plume of saline and dense waters from the Black Sea into theSea of Azov. In this study we focus on the physical mechanisms that govern waterexchange through the Kerch Strait and analyse the dependence of its direction andintensity on external forcing conditions. Analysis of satellite imagery,wind data, and numerical modelling shows that water exchange in the KerchStrait is governed by a wind-induced barotropic pressure gradient. Waterflow through the shallow and narrow Kerch Strait is a one-way process forthe majority of the time. Outflow from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea isinduced by moderate and strong north-easterly winds, while flow into the Seaof Azov from the Black Sea occurs during wind relaxation periods. The directionand intensity of water exchange have wind-governed synoptic and seasonalvariability, and they do not depend on the rate of river discharge tothe Sea of Azov on an intra-annual timescale. The analysed data revealdependencies between wind forcing conditions and spatial characteristics ofthe buoyant plume formed by the outflow from the Sea of Azov.

Water exchange between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait