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. The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marineecosystems in the world, although fragile and vulnerable to ocean warming.Several studies have analysed the spatio-temporal evolution oftemperature in the Red Sea using satellite data, thus focusing only on thesurface layer and covering the last ∼30  years. To betterunderstand the long-term variability and trends of temperature in thewhole water column, we produce a 3-D gridded temperature product (TEMPERSEA)for the period 1958–2017, based on a large number of in situ observations,covering the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. After a specific quality control,a mapping algorithm based on optimal interpolation have been applied tohomogenize the data. Also, an estimate of the uncertainties of the producthas been generated. The calibration of the algorithm and the uncertaintycomputation has been done through sensitivity experiments based on syntheticdata from a realistic numerical simulation. TEMPERSEA has been compared to satellite observations of sea surfacetemperature for the period 1981–2017, showing good agreement especially inthose periods when a reasonable number of observations were available. Also,very good agreement has been found between air temperatures andreconstructed sea temperatures in the upper 100 m for the whole period1958–2017, enhancing confidence in the quality of the product. The product has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal variability ofthe temperature field in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at different timescales (seasonal, interannual and multidecadal). Clear differences have beenfound between the two regions suggesting that the Red Sea variability ismainly driven by air–sea interactions, while in the Gulf of Aden thelateral advection of water plays a relevant role. Regarding long-termevolution, our results show only positive trends above 40 m depth, withmaximum trends of 0.045  +  0.016  ∘ C decade −1 at 15 m, andthe largest negative trends at 125 m ( - 0.072 + 0.011 ∘ C decade −1 ). Multidecadal variations have a strong impact on the trendcomputation and restricting them to the last 30–40 years of data can biashigh the trend estimates.

Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)