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. This study investigated the statistics of eddy splitting andmerging in the global oceans based on 23 years of altimetry data. Multicorestructures were identified using an improved geometric closed-contouralgorithm of sea surface height. Splitting and merging events were discernedfrom continuous time series maps of sea level anomalies. Multicorestructures represent an intermediate stage in the process of eddy evolution,similar to the generation of multiple nuclei in a cell as a preparatoryphase for cell division. Generally, splitting or merging events cansubstantially change (by a factor of 2 or more) the eddy scale, amplitude, andeddy kinetic energy. Specifically, merging (splitting) generally causes anincrease (decrease) of eddy properties. Multicore eddies were found to tendto split into two eddies with different intensities. Similarly, eddy mergingis not an interaction of two equal-intensity eddies, and it tends tomanifest as a strong eddy merging with a weaker one. A hybrid trackingstrategy based on the eddy overlap ratio, considering both multicore andsingle-core eddies, was used to confirm splitting and merging eventsglobally. The census revealed that eddy splitting and merging do not alwaysoccur most frequently in eddy-rich regions; e.g., their frequencies ofoccurrence in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and western boundarycurrents were found to be greater than in midlatitude regions(20–35 ∘ ) to the north and south. Eddy splitting and mergingare caused primarily by an unstable configuration of multicore structuresdue to obvious current– or eddy–topography interaction, strong currentvariation, and eddy–mean flow interaction.

Multicore structures and the splitting and merging of eddies in global oceans from satellite altimeter data