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The seasonal mean and synoptic fluctuation of the wintertimeTaiwan Warm Current (TWC) were investigated using a well-validated finitevolume community ocean model. The spatial distribution and dynamics of thesynoptic fluctuation were highlighted. The seasonal mean of the wintertimeTWC has two branches: an inshore branch between the 30 and 100 m isobathsand an offshore branch between the 100 and 200 m isobaths. The Coriolis termis much larger than the inertia term and is almost balanced by the pressuregradient term in both branches, indicating geostrophic balance of the meancurrent. Two areas with significant fluctuations of the TWC were identifiedduring wintertime. One of the areas is located to the north of Taiwan withvelocities varying in the cross-shore direction. These significantcross-shore fluctuations are driven by barotropic pressure gradientsassociated with the intrusion of the Taiwan Strait Current (TSC). When astrong TSC intrudes to the north of Taiwan, the isobaric slope tilts downwardfrom south to north, leading to a cross-shore current from the coastal areato the offshore area. When the TSC intrusion is weak, the cross-shorecurrent to the north of Taiwan is directed from offshore to inshore. Theother area of significant fluctuation is located in the inshore area betweenthe 30 and 100 m isobaths. The fluctuations are generally strong both in thealongshore and cross-shore directions, in particular at the latitudes26.5 and 28° N. Wind affects the synoptic fluctuationthrough episodic events. When the northeasterly monsoon prevails, thesouthwestward Zhe-Min coastal current dominates the inshore area associatedwith a deepening of the mixed layer. When the winter monsoon is weakened orthe southwesterly wind prevails, the northeastward TWC dominates in the inshore area

Synoptic fluctuation of the Taiwan Warm Current in winter on the East China Sea shelf