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A strong El Niño developed in early 2015. Measurements from a researchcruise on the R/V <i>Sonne</i> in October 2015 near the Equator east of theGalapagos Islands and off the shelf of Peru are used to investigate changesrelated to El Niño in the upper ocean in comparison with earlier cruisesin this region. At the Equator at 85°30′ W, a clear temperatureincrease leading to lower densities in the upper 350 m had developed inOctober 2015, despite a concurrent salinity increase from 40 to 350 m. Lowernutrient concentrations were also present in the upper 200 m, and higheroxygen concentrations were observed between 40 and 130 m. In the equatorialcurrent field, the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) east of the GalapagosIslands almost disappeared in October 2015, with a transport of only 0.02 Svin the equatorial channel between 1° S and 1° N, and a weakcurrent band of 0.78 Sv located between 1 and 2°30′ S. Suchnear-disappearances of the EUC in the eastern Pacific seem to occur onlyduring strong El Niño events. Off the Peruvian shelf at ∼  9° S, characteristics of upwelling were different as warm,saline, and oxygen-rich water was upwelled. At  ∼  12,  ∼  14, and ∼  16° S, the upwelling of cold, low-salinity, and oxygen-poorwater was still active at the easternmost stations of these three sections,while further west on these sections a transition to El Niño conditionsappeared. Although from early 2015 the El Niño was strong, the Octobermeasurements in the eastern tropical Pacific only showed developing ElNiño water mass distributions. In particular, the oxygen distributionindicated the ongoing transition from “typical” to El Niño conditionsprogressing southward along the Peruvian shelf

Observed El Niño conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015