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Ferrybox measurements have been carried out between Tallinn and Helsinki inthe Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) on a regular basis since 1997. The systemmeasures autonomously water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll <i>a</i>fluorescence and turbidity and takes water samples for further analyses at apredefined time interval. We aimed to show how the Ferrybox technology couldbe used to study the coastal upwelling events in the Gulf of Finland. Basedon the introduced upwelling index and related criteria, 33 coastal upwellingevents were identified in May–September 2007–2013. The number of events, aswell as the frequency of their occurrence and intensity expressed as a sum ofdaily average temperature deviations in the 20 km wide coastal area, werealmost equal near the northern and southern coasts. Nevertheless, the windimpulse, which was needed to generate upwelling events of similar intensity,differed between the northern and southern coastal areas. It is suggestedthat the general thermohaline structure adapted to the prevailing forcing andthe estuarine character of the basin weaken the upwelling created by thewesterly to southwesterly (up-estuary) winds and strengthen the upwellingcreated by the easterly to northeasterly (down-estuary) winds. Two types ofupwelling events were identified – one characterized by a strong temperaturefront and the other revealing gradual decrease in temperature from the opensea to the coastal area, with maximum temperature deviation close to theshore

Upwelling characteristics in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) as revealed by Ferrybox measurements in 2007–2013