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. Climate and weather conditions in the mid-latitudes are strongly driven bythe large-scale atmosphere circulation. Observational data indicate thatimportant components of the large-scale circulation have changed in recentdecades, including the strength and the width of the Hadley cell, jets, stormtracks and planetary waves. Here, we use a new statistical–dynamical atmosphere model (SDAM) to test theindividual sensitivities of the large-scale atmospheric circulation tochanges in the zonal temperature gradient, meridional temperature gradientand global-mean temperature. We analyze the Northern Hemisphere Hadleycirculation, jet streams, storm tracks and planetary waves by systematicallyaltering the zonal temperature asymmetry, the meridional temperaturegradient and the global-mean temperature. Our results show that thestrength of the Hadley cell, storm tracks and jet streams depend, in terms ofrelative changes, almost linearly on both the global-mean temperature and themeridional temperature gradient, whereas the zonal temperature asymmetry haslittle or no influence. The magnitude of planetary waves is affected by allthree temperature components, as expected from theoretical dynamicalconsiderations. The width of the Hadley cell behaves nonlinearly withrespect to all three temperature components in the SDAM. Moreover, some ofthese observed large-scale atmospheric changes are expected from dynamicalequations and are therefore an important part of model validation.

nonlinear processes in geophysics

Exploring the sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation to different surface temperature forcing using a statistical–dynamical atmospheric model