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. Winds, waves and storm surges can inflict severe damage in coastal areas. Inorder to improve preparedness for such events, a better understanding ofstorm-induced coastal flooding episodes is necessary. To this end, this paperhighlights the use of atmospheric downscaling techniques in order to improvewave and storm surge hindcasts. The downscaling techniques used here arebased on existing European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecastsreanalyses (ERA-20C, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The results show that the 10 kmresolution data forcing provided by a downscaled atmospheric model gives abetter wave and surge hindcast compared to using data directly from thereanalysis. Furthermore, the analysis of the most extreme mid-latitudecyclones indicates that a four-dimensional blending approach improves thewhole process, as it assimilates more small-scale processes in the initialconditions. Our approach has been successfully applied to ERA-20C (the20th century reanalysis).

On the improvement of wave and storm surge hindcasts by downscaled atmospheric forcing: application to historical storms