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Vulnerability to groundwater pollution in the Senegal River basin\udwas studied by two different but complementary methods: the DRASTIC method\ud(which evaluates the intrinsic vulnerability) and the fuzzy method (which\udassesses the specific vulnerability by taking into account the continuity of\udthe parameters). The validation of this application has been tested by\udcomparing the connection  in groundwater and distribution of different\udestablished classes of vulnerabilities as well as the nitrate distribution in\udthe study area. Three vulnerability classes (low, medium and high) have been\udidentified by both the DRASTIC method and the fuzzy method (between which the normalized model was used). An integrated analysis reveals that high\udclasses with 14.64 % (for the DRASTIC method), 21.68 % (for the\udnormalized DRASTIC method) and 18.92 % (for the fuzzy method) are not the\udmost dominant. In addition, a new method for sensitivity analysis was used to\udidentify (and confirm) the main parameters which impact the vulnerability to\udpollution with fuzzy membership. The results showed that the vadose zone is\udthe main parameter which impacts groundwater vulnerability to pollution while\udnet recharge contributes least to pollution in the study area. It was also\udfound that the fuzzy method better assesses the vulnerability to pollution\udwith a coincidence rate of 81.13 % versus that of 77.35 % for the\udDRASTIC method. These results serve as a guide for policymakers to identify\udareas sensitive to pollution before such sites are used for socioeconomic\udinfrastructures

natural hazards and earth system sciences

A novel method of sensitivity analysis testing by applying the DRASTIC and fuzzy optimization methods to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution: the case of the Senegal River basin in Mali