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According to the DISASTER database the 20–28 December 1909 event was the hydro-geomorphologicevent with the highest number of flood and landslide cases thatoccurred in Portugal in the period 1865–2010 (Zêzere et al., 2014). This event also causedimportant social impacts over the Spanish territory, especially in the DouroBasin, having triggered the highest floods in more than 100 years at theriver's mouth in the city of Oporto.  This work has a dual purpose: (i) to characterize the spatial distributionand social impacts of the December 1909 hydro-geomorphologic DISASTER eventover Portugal and Spain; (ii) to analyse the meteorological conditions thattriggered the event and the spatial distribution of the precipitation anomalies.  Social impacts that occurred in Portugal were obtained from the Disaster database(Zêzere et al., 2014) whereas the datacollection for Spain was supported by the systematic analysis of Spanishdaily newspapers. In addition, the meteorological conditions that triggeredthe event are analysed using the 20th Century Reanalysis data set from NOAA andprecipitation data from Iberian meteorological stations.  The Iberian Peninsula was spatially affected during this event along theSW-NE direction spanning from Lisbon, Santarém, Oporto, and Guarda (inPortugal), to Salamanca, Valladolid, Zamora, Orense, León, andPalencia (in Spain). In Iberia, 134 DISASTER cases were recorded (130 floodcases; 4 landslides cases) having caused 89 casualties (57 due to floods and32 due to landslides) and a further total of 3876 affected people, includingfatalities, injured, missing, evacuated, and homeless people.  This event was associated with outstanding precipitation registered atGuarda (Portugal) on 22 December 1909 and unusual meteorologicalconditions characterized by the presence of a deep low-pressure systemlocated over the NW Iberian Peninsula with a stationary frontal system strikingthe western Iberian Peninsula. The presence of an upper-level jet (250 hPa)and low-level jet (900 hPa) located  SW–NE oriented towards  Iberiaalong with upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence favouredlarge-scale precipitation. Finally, associated with these features it ispossible to state that this extreme event was clearly associated with thepresence of an elongated Atmospheric River, crossing the entire northernAtlantic Basin and providing a continuous supply of moisture thatcontributed to enhance precipitation.  This work contributes to a comprehensive and systematic synoptic evaluationof the second most deadly hydro-geomorphologic DISASTER event that has occurred inPortugal since 1865 and will help to better understand the meteorologicalsystem that was responsible for triggering the event

Spatial impact and triggering conditions of the exceptional hydro-geomorphological event of December 1909 in Iberia