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In this work, we apply the thermal wave method and the thermal pulse methodfor non-destructive characterisation of the polarisation state of embeddedpiezoelectric transducers. Heating the sample with a square-wave modulatedlaser beam or a single laser pulse leads to a pyroelectric current recordedin the frequency or time domain, respectively. It carries information aboutthe polarisation state. Analytical and numerical finite element modelsdescribe the pyroelectric response of the piezoceramic. Modelling andexperimental results are compared for a simple lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT)plate, a low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC)/PZT sensor andactuator,and a macro-fibre composite (MFC) actuator

Characterisation of the polarisation state of embedded piezoelectric transducers by thermal waves and thermal pulses