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. The spreading of reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater (DSW) in the Israelicoastal aquifer was studied using groundwater modeling and stable waterisotopes as tracers. The DSW produced at the Hadera seawater reverse-osmosis(SWRO) desalination plant is recharged into the aquifer through an infiltration pond at the managedaquifer recharge (MAR) site of Menashe, Israel. The distinct difference in isotope composition between DSW( δ18O =  1.41 ‰; δ2H =  11.34 ‰) and the natural groundwater( δ18O = − 4.48 ‰ to − 5.43 ‰; δ2H = − 18.41 ‰ to − 22.68 ‰) makesthe water isotopes preferable for use as a tracer compared to widely usedchemical tracers, such as chloride. Moreover, this distinct difference can beused to simplify the system to a binary mixture of two end-members:desalinated seawater and groundwater. This approach is validated through asensitivity analysis, and it is especially robust when spatial data of stablewater isotopes in the aquifer are scarce. A calibrated groundwater flow andtransport model was used to predict the DSW plume distribution in the aquiferafter 50 years of MAR with DSW. The results suggest that after 50 years,94 % of the recharged DSW was recovered by the production wells at theMenashe MAR site. The presented methodology is useful for predicting thedistribution of reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater in various downstreamgroundwater systems.

Managed aquifer recharge with reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater: modeling the spreading in groundwater using stable water isotopes