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. Glaciers in the inner tropics are rapidly retreating due to atmosphericwarming. In Colombia, this retreat is accelerated by volcanic activity, andmost glaciers are in their last stages of existence. There is generalconcern about the hydrological implications of receding glaciers, as theyconstitute important freshwater reservoirs and, after an initial increase inmelting flows due to glacier retreat, a decrease in water resources isexpected in the long term as glaciers become smaller. In this paper, weperform a comprehensive study of the evolution of a small Colombian glacier,Conejeras (Parque Nacional Natural de los Nevados) that has been monitoredsince 2006, with a special focus on the hydrological response of theglacierized catchment. The glacier shows great sensitivity to changes intemperature and especially to the evolution of the El Nino–SouthernOscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, with great loss of mass and area during ElNino warm events. Since 2006, it has suffered a 37 % reduction, from22.45 ha in 2006 to 12 ha in 2017, with an especially abrupt reduction since2014. During the period of hydrological monitoring (June 2013 to December 2017),streamflow at the outlet of the catchment experienced a noticeablecycle of increasing flows up to mid-2016 and decreasing flows afterwards.The same cycle was observed for other hydrological indicators, including theslope of the rising flow limb and the monthly variability of flows. Weobserved an evident change in the daily hydrograph, from a predominance ofdays with a purely melt-driven hydrograph up to mid-2016, to an increase inthe frequency of days with flows less influenced by melt after 2016. Such ahydrological cycle is not directly related to fluctuations of temperature orprecipitation; therefore, it is reasonable to consider that it is theresponse of the glacierized catchment to retreat of the glacier. Resultsconfirm the necessity for small-scale studies at a high temporal resolution,in order to understand the hydrological response of glacier-coveredcatchments to glacier retreat and imminent glacier extinction.

Recent evolution and associated hydrological dynamics of a vanishing tropical Andean glacier: Glaciar de Conejeras, Colombia