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. Data scarcity is the biggest problem for scientific researchrelated to hydrology and climate studies in the Great Himalayas region.High-quality precipitation data are difficult to obtain due to a sparsenetwork, cold climate and high heterogeneity in topography. In this paper, weexamine four datasets in northern India of the Western Himalayas:interpolated gridded data based on gauge observations (IMD, 1 ∘ × 1 ∘ , and APHRODITE, 0.25 ∘ × 0.25 ∘ ), reanalysis data (ERA-Interim, 0.75 ∘ × 0.75 ∘ ) and high-resolution simulation by aregional climate model (WRF, 0.15 ∘ × 0.15 ∘ ). The fourdatasets show a similar spatial pattern and temporal variation during theperiod 1981–2007, though the absolute values vary significantly(497–819 mm year −1 ). The differences areparticularly large in July and August at the windward slopes andhigh-elevation areas. Overall, the datasets show that the summer is gettingwetter and the winter is getting drier, though most of the trends in monthlyprecipitation are not significant. Trend analysis of summer and winterprecipitation at every grids confirms the changes. Wetter summers will resultin more and bigger floods in the downstream areas. Warmer and drier winterswill result in less glacier accumulation. All the datasets showconsistency in the period 1981–2007 and can give a spatial overview of theprecipitation in the region. Comparing with the Bhuntar gauge data, the WRFdataset gives the best estimates of extreme precipitation. To conclude, werecommend the APHRODITE dataset and the WRF dataset for hydrological studiesfor their improved spatial variation which match the scale of hydrologicalprocesses as well as accuracy in extreme precipitation for flood simulation.

Precipitation pattern in the Western Himalayas revealed by four datasets