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. Ephemeral snowpacks, or those that persist for  continuous days, arechallenging to observe and model because snow accumulation and ablation occurduring the same season. This has left ephemeral snow understudied, despiteits widespread extent. Using 328 site years from the Great Basin, we showthat ephemeral snowmelt causes a 70-days-earlier soil moisture response thanseasonal snowmelt. In addition, deep soil moisture response was more variablein areas with seasonal snowmelt. To understand Great Basin snow distribution,we used MODIS and Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) data to map snowextent. Estimates of maximum continuous snow cover duration from SNODASconsistently overestimated MODIS observations by >25  days in the lowest(  m) and highest ( >2500  m) elevations. During this time periodsnowpack was highly variable. The maximum seasonal snow cover during wateryears 2005–2014 was 64 % in 2010 and at a minimum of 24 % in 2014.We found that elevation had a strong control on snow ephemerality, and nearlyall snowpacks over 2500 m were seasonal except those on south-facing slopes.Additionally, we used SNODAS-derived estimates of solid and liquidprecipitation, melt, sublimation, and blowing snow sublimation to define snowephemerality mechanisms. In warm years, the Great Basin shifts to ephemerallydominant as the rain–snow transition increases in elevation. Given that snowephemerality is expected to increase as a consequence of climate change,physics-based modeling is needed that can account for the complex energeticsof shallow snowpacks in complex terrain. These modeling efforts will need tobe supported by field observations of mass and energy and linked to finerremote sensing snow products in order to track ephemeral snow dynamics.

Now you see it, now you don't: a case study of ephemeral snowpacks and soil moisture response in the Great Basin, USA