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. The partitioning of precipitation into runoff ( R ) andevapotranspiration ( E ), governed by the controlling parameter in the Budykoframework (i.e., n parameter in the Choudhury and Yang equation), iscritical to assessing the water balance at global scale. It is widelyacknowledged that the spatial variation in this controlling parameter isaffected by landscape characteristics, but characterizing its temporalvariation remains yet to be done. Considering effective precipitation( Pe ), the Budyko framework was extended to the annual waterbalance analysis. To reflect the mismatch between water supply(precipitation, P ) and energy (potential evapotranspiration, E0 ), weproposed a climate seasonality and asynchrony index (SAI) in terms of bothphase and amplitude mismatch between P and E0 . Considering streamflowchanges in 26 large river basins as a case study, SAI was found to the keyfactor explaining 51 % of the annual variance of parameter n .Furthermore, the vegetation dynamics ( M ) remarkably impacted the temporalvariation in n , explaining 67 % of the variance. With SAI and M , asemi-empirical formula for parameter n was developed at the annual scale todescribe annual runoff ( R ) and evapotranspiration ( E ). The impacts ofclimate variability ( Pe , E0 and SAI) and M on R and E changes were then quantified. Results showed that R and E changes werecontrolled mainly by the Pe variations in most river basins overthe globe, while SAI acted as the controlling factor modifying R and E changes in the East Asian subtropical monsoon zone. SAI, M and E0 havelarger impacts on E than on R , whereas Pe has larger impactson R .

Hydrological effects of climate variability and vegetation dynamics on annual fluvial water balance in global large river basins