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. Riparian trees can regulate streamflow dynamics and waterbudgets by taking up large amounts of water from both soil and groundwatercompartments. However, their role has not been fully recognized in thehydrologic literature and the catchment modeling community. In this study, weexplored the influence of riparian evapotranspiration (ET) on streamflow bysimulating daily stream water exports from three nested Mediterraneancatchments, both including and excluding the riparian compartment in thestructure of the PERSiST (Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and RunoffSimulator for Solute Transport) rainfall–runoff model. The model goodness of fit for the calibration period(September 2010–August 2012) significantly improved with the inclusion ofthe riparian compartment, especially during the vegetative period, whenaccording to our simulations, the riparian zone significantly reduced theoverestimation of mean daily streamflow (from 53 % to 27 %). At thecatchment scale, simulated riparian ET accounted for 5.5 % to 8.4 % ofannual water depletions over a 20-year reference period (1981–2000), and itscontribution was especially noticeable during summer (from 8 % to 26 %).Simulations considering climate change scenarios suggest large increases inriparian ET during the dormant period (from 19 % to 46 %) but only smallincreases (from 1 % to 2 %) in its contribution to annual water budgets.Overall, our results highlight that a good assessment of riparian ET isessential for understanding catchment hydrology and streamflow dynamics inMediterranean regions. Thus, the inclusion of the riparian compartment inhydrological models is strongly recommended in order to establish propermanagement strategies in water-limited regions.

Riparian evapotranspiration is essential to simulate streamflow dynamics and water budgets in a Mediterranean catchment