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. The frequency and intensity of drought are increasingdramatically with global warming. However, few studies have characterizeddrought in terms of its impacts on ecosystem services, the mechanismsthrough which ecosystems support life. As a result, little is known aboutthe implications of increased drought for resource management. This casestudy characterizes drought by linking climate anomalies with changes in theprecipitation–runoff relationship (PRR) on the Loess Plateau of China, awater-limited region where ongoing revegetation makes drought a majorconcern. We analyzed drought events with drought durations ≥  5 yearsand mean annual precipitation anomaly (PA) values ≤ − 5 % duringdrought periods. The results show that continuous precipitation shifts areable to change the water balance of watersheds in water-limited areas, andmulti-year drought events cause the PRR to change with a significantlydecreasing trend ( p  < 0.05) compared to other historical records. Forthe Loess Plateau as a whole, the average runoff ratio decreased from10 to 6.8  % during 1991–1999. The joint probability and returnperiod gradually increase with increasing of drought duration and severity.The ecosystem service of water yield is easily affected by drought eventswith durations equal to or greater than 6 years and drought severityvalues equal to or greater than 0.55 (precipitation ≤  212 mm). At thesame time, multi-year drought events also lead to significant changes in theleaf area index (LAI). Such studies are essential for ecosystem managementin water-limited areas.

Characterizing drought in terms of changes in the precipitation–runoff relationship: a case study of the Loess Plateau, China