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Transpiration is a key process in the hydrological cycle,\udand a sound understanding and quantification of transpiration and its\udspatial variability is essential for management decisions as well as for\udimproving the parameterisation and evaluation of hydrological and\udsoil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models. For individual trees,\udtranspiration is commonly estimated by measuring sap flow. Besides\udevaporative demand and water availability, tree-specific characteristics\udsuch as species, size or social status control sap flow amounts of\udindividual trees. Within forest stands, properties such as species\udcomposition, basal area or stand density additionally affect sap flow, for\udexample via competition mechanisms. Finally, sap flow patterns might also be\udinfluenced by landscape-scale characteristics such as geology and soils,\udslope position or aspect because they affect water and energy availability;\udhowever, little is known about the dynamic interplay of these controls.  We studied the relative importance of various tree-, stand- and\udsite-specific characteristics with multiple linear regression models to\udexplain the variability of sap velocity measurements in 61 beech and oak\udtrees, located at 24 sites across a 290 km<sup>2</sup> catchment in\udLuxembourg. For each of 132 consecutive days of the growing season of 2014\udwe modelled the daily sap velocity and derived sap flow patterns of these 61\udtrees, and we determined the importance of the different controls.  Results indicate that a combination of mainly tree- and site-specific\udfactors controls sap velocity patterns in the landscape, namely tree\udspecies, tree diameter, geology and aspect. For sap flow we included only\udthe stand- and site-specific predictors in the models to ensure variable\udindependence. Of those, geology and aspect were most important. Compared to\udthese predictors, spatial variability of atmospheric demand and soil\udmoisture explains only a small fraction of the variability in the daily\uddatasets. However, the temporal dynamics of the explanatory power of the\udtree-specific characteristics, especially species, are correlated to the\udtemporal dynamics of potential evaporation. We conclude that transpiration\udestimates on the landscape scale would benefit from not only consideration of\udhydro-meteorological drivers, but also tree, stand and site characteristics\udin order to improve the spatial and temporal representation of transpiration\udfor hydrological and soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models.</p

Tree-, stand- and site-specific controls on landscape-scale patterns of transpiration