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An in situ bioremediation experiment of a deep vadose zone\ud( ∼  40 m) contaminated with a high concentration of perchlorate\ud(> 25 000 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) was conducted through a full-scale\udfield operation. Favourable environmental conditions for microbiological\udreduction of perchlorate were sought by infiltrating an electron\uddonor-enriched water solution using drip irrigation underlying an airtight\udsealing liner. A vadose zone monitoring system (VMS) was used for real-time\udtracking of the percolation process, the penetration depth of dissolved\udorganic carbon (DOC), and the variation in perchlorate concentration across\udthe entire soil depth. The experimental conditions for each infiltration\udevent were adjusted according to insight gained from data obtained by the VMS\udin previous stages. Continuous monitoring of the vadose zone indicated that\udin the top 13 m of the cross section, perchlorate concentration is\uddramatically reduced from thousands of milligrams per litre to near-detection\udlimits with a concurrent increase in chloride concentration. Nevertheless, in\udthe deeper parts of the vadose zone (< 17 m), perchlorate\udconcentration increased, suggesting its mobilization down through the cross section. Breakthrough of DOC and bromide at different depths across the\udunsaturated zone showed limited migration capacity of biologically consumable\udcarbon and energy sources due to their enhanced biodegradation in the upper\udsoil layers. Nevertheless, the increased DOC concentration with concurrent\udreduction in perchlorate and increase in the chloride-to-perchlorate ratio in\udthe top 13 m indicate partial degradation of perchlorate in this zone. There\udwas no evidence of improved degradation conditions in the deeper parts where\udthe initial concentrations of perchlorate were significantly higher

Transport and degradation of perchlorate in deep vadose zone: implications from direct observations during bioremediation treatment