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As a primary flux in the global water cycle, evapotranspiration (ET)connects hydrologic and biological processes and is directly affectedby water and land management, land use change and climate variability.Satellite remote sensing provides an effective means for diagnosing ETpatterns over heterogeneous landscapes; however, limitations on the spatialand temporal resolution of satellite data, combined with the effects ofcloud contamination, constrain the amount of detail that a single satellitecan provide. In this study, we describe an application of a multi-sensor ETdata fusion system over a mixed forested/agricultural landscape in NorthCarolina, USA, during the growing season of 2013. The fusion system ingestsET estimates from the Two-Source Energy Balance Model (TSEB) applied tothermal infrared remote sensing retrievals of land surface temperature frommultiple satellite platforms: hourly geostationary satellite data at 4 kmresolution, daily 1 km imagery from the Moderate Resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer (MODIS) and biweekly Landsat thermal data sharpened to30 m. These multiple ET data streams are combined using the Spatial and TemporalAdaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) to estimate daily ET at 30 mresolution to investigate seasonal water use behavior at the level ofindividual forest stands and land cover patches. A new method, alsoexploiting the STARFM algorithm, is used to fill gaps in the Landsat ETretrievals due to cloud cover and/or the scan-line corrector (SLC) failureon Landsat 7. The retrieved daily ET time series agree well with observationsat two AmeriFlux eddy covariance flux tower sites in a managed pineplantation within the modeling domain: US-NC2 located in a mid-rotation(20-year-old) loblolly pine stand and US-NC3 located in a recently clear-cutand replanted field site. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for NC2 and NC3were 0.99 and 1.02 mm day−1, respectively, with mean absoluteerrors of approximately 29 % at the daily time step, 12 % at the monthlytime step and 0.7 % over the full study period at the two flux towersites. Analyses of water use patterns over the plantation indicateincreasing seasonal ET with stand age for young to mid-rotation stands up to20 years, but little dependence on age for older stands. An accounting ofconsumptive water use by major land cover classes representative of themodeling domain is presented, as well as relative partitioning of ET betweenevaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components obtained with the TSEB. The study provides new insights about the effects of management and land use change on water yield over forested landscapes

Daily Landsat-scale evapotranspiration estimation over a forested landscape in North Carolina, USA, using multi-satellite data fusion