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Understanding the oasis ecosystem responses to upstream regulation is a\udchallenge for catchment management in the context of ecological restoration.\udThis empirical study aimed to understand how oasis ecosystems, including\udwater, natural vegetation and cultivated land, responded to the\udimplementation of the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP) in the Heihe\udRiver in China. The annual Landsat images from 1987 to 2015 were firstly used\udto characterize the spatial extent, frequency index and fractional coverage\ud(for vegetation only) of these three oasis ecosystems and their relationships\udwith hydrological (river discharge) and climatic variables (regional\udtemperature and precipitation) were explored with linear regression models.\udThe results show that river regulation of the middle reaches identified by\udthe discharge allocation to the downstream basin experiences three stages,\udnamely decreasing inflow (1987–1999), increasing inflow (2000–2007) and\udrelative stable inflow (2008–2015). Both the current and previous years'\udcombined inflow determines the surface area of the terminal lake\ud(<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>  =  0.841). Temperature has the most significant role in\uddetermining broad vegetation distribution, whereas hydrological variables had\uda significant effect only in near-river-channel regions. Agricultural\uddevelopment since the execution of the EWDP might have curtailed further\udvegetation recovery. These findings are important for the catchment managers'\uddecisions about future water allocation plans

Downstream ecosystem responses to middle reach regulation of river discharge in the Heihe River Basin, China