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A dual stable water isotope (δ2H and δ18O) study was conducted in the developed (managed) landscape of the Schwingbachcatchment (Germany). The 2-year weekly to biweekly measurements ofprecipitation, stream, and groundwater isotopes revealed that surface andgroundwater are isotopically disconnected from the annual precipitation cyclebut showed bidirectional interactions between each other. Apparently,snowmelt played a fundamental role for groundwater recharge explaining theobserved differences to precipitation δ values. A spatially distributed snapshot sampling of soil water isotopes at two soildepths at 52 sampling points across different land uses (arable land,forest, and grassland) revealed that topsoil isotopic signatures weresimilar to the precipitation input signal. Preferential water flow pathsoccurred under forested soils, explaining the isotopic similarities betweentop- and subsoil isotopic signatures. Due to human-impacted agricultural landuse (tilling and compression) of arable and grassland soils, water deliveryto the deeper soil layers was reduced, resulting in significant differentisotopic signatures. However, the land use influence became less pronouncedwith depth and soil water approached groundwater δ values.Seasonally tracing stable water isotopes through soil profiles showed thatthe influence of new percolating soil water decreased with depth as noremarkable seasonality in soil isotopic signatures was obvious at depths> 0.9 m and constant values were observed through space and time.Since classic isotope evaluation methods such as transfer-function-basedmean transit time calculations did not provide a good fit between theobserved and calculated data, we established a hydrological model toestimate spatially distributed groundwater ages and flow directions withinthe Vollnkirchener Bach subcatchment. Our model revealed that complex agedynamics exist within the subcatchment and that much of the runoff must hasbeen stored for much longer than event water (average water age is 16 years).Tracing stable water isotopes through the water cycle in combinationwith our hydrological model was valuable for determining interactionsbetween different water cycle components and unravelling age dynamics withinthe study area. This knowledge can further improve catchment-specificprocess understanding of developed, human-impacted landscapes.</p

Exploring water cycle dynamics by sampling multiple stable water isotope pools in a developed landscape in Germany