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The Budyko framework represents the general relationship between theevapotranspiration ratio (F) and the aridity index (φ) for the meanannual steady-state water balance at the catchment scale. It is interestingto investigate whether this standard F − φ space can also be appliedto capture the shift of annual water balance in catchments with varyingdryness. Previous studies have made significant progress in incorporating thestorage effect into the Budyko framework for the non-steady conditions,whereas the role of groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration was notinvestigated. This study investigates how groundwater-dependentevapotranspiration causes the shift of the annual water balance in thestandard Budyko space. A widely used monthly hydrological model, the ABCDmodel, is modified to incorporate groundwater-dependent evapotranspirationinto the zone with a shallow water table and delayed groundwater rechargeinto the zone with a deep water table. This model is applied in sixcatchments in the Erdos Plateau, China, to estimate the actual annualevapotranspiration. Results show that the variations in the annual F valuewith the aridity index do not satisfy the standard Budyko formulas. The shiftof the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space is a combination ofthe Budyko-type response in the deep groundwater zone and the quasi-energylimited condition in the shallow groundwater zone. Excess evapotranspiration(F > 1) could occur in dry years, which is contributed by thesignificant supply of groundwater for evapotranspiration. Use of groundwaterfor irrigation can increase the frequency of the F > 1 cases

Shift of annual water balance in the Budyko space for catchments with groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration