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Understanding the location and magnitude of groundwater inflows to rivers isimportant for the protection of riverine ecosystems and the management ofconnected groundwater and surface water systems. This study utilizes222Rn activities and Cl concentrations in the Avon River, southeastAustralia, to determine the distribution of groundwater inflows and to understand the importance of parafluvial flow on the 222Rn budget. The distribution of 222Rn activities and Cl concentrations implies that the Avon River contains alternating gaining and losing reaches. The location of groundwater inflows changed as a result of major floods in 2011–2013 that caused significant movement of the floodplain sediments. The floodplain of the Avon River comprises unconsolidated coarse-grained sediments with numerous point bars and sediment banks through which significant parafluvial flow is likely. The 222Rn activities in the Avon River, which are locally up to3690 Bq m−3, result from a combination of groundwater inflows andthe input of water from the parafluvial zone that has high 222Rnactivities due to 222Rn emanation from the alluvial sediments. If thehigh 222Rn activities were ascribed solely togroundwater inflows, the calculated net groundwater inflows would exceed themeasured increase in streamflow along the river by up to 490 % at lowstreamflows. Uncertainties in the 222Rn activities of groundwater, the gas transfer coefficient, and the degree of hyporheic exchange cannot explain a discrepancy of this magnitude. The proposed model of parafluvial flowenvisages that water enters the alluvial sediments in reaches where the riveris losing and subsequently re-enters the river in the gaining reaches withflow paths of tens to hundreds of metres. Parafluvial flow is likely to beimportant in rivers with coarse-grained alluvial sediments on theirfloodplains and failure to quantify the input of 222Rn from parafluvial flow will result in overestimating groundwater inflows to rivers

Using radon to understand parafluvial flows and the changing locations of groundwater inflows in the Avon River, southeast Australia