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Assessing the hydraulic parameters of karst aquifers is a challenge due totheir high degree of heterogeneity. The unknown parameter field generallyleads to a high ambiguity for flow and transport calibration in numericalmodels of karst aquifers. In this study, a distributed numerical model wasbuilt for the simulation of groundwater flow and solute transport in ahighly heterogeneous karst aquifer in south-western Germany. Therefore, aninterface for the simulation of solute transport in one-dimensional pipeswas implemented into the software COMSOL Multiphysics® andcoupled to the three-dimensional solute transport interface for continuumdomains. For reducing model ambiguity, the simulation was matched forsteady-state conditions to the hydraulic head distribution in the modelarea, the spring discharge of several springs and the transport velocitiesof two tracer tests. Furthermore, other measured parameters such as thehydraulic conductivity of the fissured matrix and the maximal karst conduitvolume were available for model calibration. Parameter studies wereperformed for several karst conduit geometries to analyse the influence ofthe respective geometric and hydraulic parameters and develop a calibrationapproach in a large-scale heterogeneous karst system. Results show that it is possible not only to derive a consistent flow andtransport model for a 150 km2 karst area but also to combine the useof groundwater flow and transport parameters thereby greatly reducing modelambiguity. The approach provides basic information about the conduit networknot accessible for direct geometric measurements. The conduit network volumefor the main karst spring in the study area could be narrowed down toapproximately 100 000 m3

Reducing the ambiguity of karst aquifer models by pattern matching of flow and transport on catchment scale