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Coastal and inland dunes provide various ecosystem services that are relatedto groundwater, such as drinking water production and biodiversity. To managegroundwater in a sustainable manner, knowledge of actual evapotranspiration(ETa) for the various land covers in dunes is essential. Aimingat improving the parameterization of dune vegetation in hydrometeorologicalmodels, this study explores the magnitude of energy and water fluxes in aninland dune ecosystem in the Netherlands. Hydrometeorological measurementswere used to parameterize the Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration model forfour different surfaces: bare sand, moss, grass and heather. We found thatthe net longwave radiation (Rnl) was the largest energy flux formost surfaces during daytime. However, modeling this flux by a calibratedFAO-56 Rnl model for each surface and for hourly time steps wasunsuccessful. Our Rnl model, with a novel submodel using solarelevation angle and air temperature to describe the diurnal pattern inradiative surface temperature, improved Rnl simulationsconsiderably. Model simulations of evaporation from moss surfaces showed thatthe modulating effect of mosses on the water balance is species-dependent. Wedemonstrate that dense moss carpets (Campylopus introflexus)evaporate more (5 %, +14 mm) than bare sand (total of258 mm in 2013), while more open-structured mosses (Hypnumcupressiforme) evaporate less (−30 %, −76 mm) than baresand. Additionally, we found that a drought event in the summer of 2013showed a pronounced delayed signal on lysimeter measurements ofETa for the grass and heather surfaces, respectively. Due to thedesiccation of leaves after the drought event, and their feedback on thesurface resistance, the potential evapotranspiration in the year 2013 droppedby 9 % (−37 mm) and 10 % (−61 mm) for the grassand heather surfaces, respectively, which subsequently led to loweredETa of 8 % (−29 mm) and 7 % (−29 mm).These feedbacks are of importance for water resources, especially during achanging climate with an increasing number of drought days. Therefore, suchfeedbacks need to be integrated into a coupled plant physiological andhydrometeorological model to accurately simulate ETa. Inaddition, our study showed that groundwater recharge in dunes can beincreased considerably by promoting moss vegetation, especially of open-structured moss species

Quantifying energy and water fluxes in dry dune ecosystems of the Netherlands