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The similarity of the temporal variations of land and atmospheric statesduring the onset (September) through to the peak (February) of the wet seasonover northern Australia is statistically diagnosed using ensembles of offlineland surface model simulations that produce a range of different backgroundsoil moisture states. We derive the temporal correspondence betweenvariations in the soil moisture and the planetary boundary layer via astatistical measure of rank correlation. The simulated evaporative fractionand the boundary layer are shown to be strongly correlated during both SON(September–October–November) and DJF (December–January–February) despitethe differing background soil moisture states between the two seasons andamong the ensemble members. The sign and magnitude of the boundarylayer–surface layer soil moisture association during the onset of the wetseason (SON) differs from the correlation between the evaporative fractionand boundary layer from the same season, and from the correlation between thesurface soil moisture and boundary layer association during DJF. The patternsand magnitude of the surface flux–boundary layer correspondence are notcaptured when the relationship is diagnosed using the surface layer soilmoisture alone. The conflicting results arise because the surface layer soilmoisture lacks strong correlation with the atmosphere during the monsoononset because the evapotranspiration is dominated by transpiration. Ourresults indicate that accurately diagnosing the correspondence and thereforecoupling strength in seasonally dry regions, such as northern Australia,requires root zone soil moisture to be included

hydrology and earth system sciences

Diagnosing the seasonal land–atmosphere correspondence over northern Australia: dependence on soil moisture state and correspondence strength definition