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Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are one of the most common and diverse algalgroups (ca. 200 000 species, ≈ 10–200 μm, unicellular,eukaryotic). Here we investigate the potential of aerial diatoms (i.e.diatoms nearly exclusively occurring outside water bodies, in wet, moist ortemporarily dry places) to infer surface hydrological connectivity betweenhillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) landscape units during storm runoff events.We present data from the Weierbach catchment (0.45 km2, northwesternLuxembourg) that quantify the relative abundance of aerial diatom species onhillslopes and in riparian zones (i.e. surface soils, litter, bryophytes andvegetation) and within streams (i.e. stream water, epilithon and epipelon).We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabitspecific moisture domains of the catchment (i.e. HRS units) and,consequently, the presence of certain species assemblages in the streamduring runoff events offers the potential for recording whether there washydrological connectivity between these domains or not. We found that a higher percentage of aerial diatomspecies was present in samples collected from the riparian and hillslopezones than inside the stream. However, diatoms were absent on hillslopescovered by dry litter and the quantities of diatoms (in absolute numbers)were small in the rest of hillslope samples. This limits their use forinferring hillslope-riparian zone connectivity. Our results also showed thataerial diatom abundance in the stream increased systematically during allsampled events (n = 11, 2011–2012) in response to incidentprecipitation and increasing discharge. This transport of aerial diatomsduring events suggested a rapid connectivity between the soil surface and thestream. Diatom transport data were compared to two-component hydrographseparation, and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) using stream waterchemistry and stable isotope data. Hillslope overland flow was insignificantduring most sampled events. This research suggests that diatoms were likelysourced exclusively from the riparian zone, since it was not only the largestaerial diatom reservoir, but also since soil water from the riparian zone wasa major streamflow source during rainfall events under both wet and dryantecedent conditions. In comparison to other tracer methods, diatoms requiretaxonomy knowledge and a rather large processing time. However, they canprovide unequivocal evidence of hydrological connectivity and potentially beused at larger catchment scales

Hydrological connectivity inferred from diatom transport through the riparian-stream system