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Environmental/ecological models are widely used for lake management as theyprovide a means to understand physical, chemical, and biological processesin highly complex ecosystems. Most research has focused on the developmentof environmental (water quality) and ecological models, separately. Limitedstudies were developed to couple the two models, and in these limitedcoupled models, a lake was regarded as a whole for analysis (i.e. consideringthe lake to be one well-mixed box), which is appropriate forsmall-scale lakes but is not sufficient to capture spatial variations withinmiddle-scale or large-scale lakes. In response to this problem, this paperseeks to establish a zoning-based environmental–ecological coupled model fora lake. Hierarchical cluster analysis was adopted to determine the number ofzones in a given lake based on hydrological, water quality, and ecologicaldata analysis. The MIKE 21 model was used to construct 2-Dhydrodynamics and water quality simulations. STELLA software was used tocreate a lake ecological model that can simulate the spatial variations ofecological condition based on flow field distribution results generated byMIKE 21. Baiyangdian Lake, the largest freshwater lake in northern China, wasadopted as the study case. The results showed that the new model ispromising for predicting spatial variations of ecological conditions inresponse to changes in lake water quantity and quality, and could be usefulfor lake management

Development of a zoning-based environmental–ecological coupled model for lakes: a case study of Baiyangdian Lake in northern China