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Weekly samples from surface waters, springs, soilwater and rainfall were collected in a 76.9 km2 mountainrain forest catchment and its tributaries in southern Ecuador.Time series of the stable water isotopes ?18O and ?2H wereused to calculate mean transit times (MTTs) and the transittime distribution functions (TTDs) solving the convolutionmethod for seven lumped-parameter models. For eachmodel setup, the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation(GLUE) methodology was applied to find the best predictions,behavioral solutions and parameter identifiability.For the study basin, TTDs based on model types such asthe linear–piston flow for soil waters and the exponential–piston flow for surface waters and springs performed betterthan more versatile equations such as the gamma and the twoparallel linear reservoirs. Notwithstanding both approachesyielded a better goodness of fit for most sites, but with considerablelarger uncertainty shown by GLUE. Among thetested models, corresponding results were obtained for soilwaters with short MTTs (ranging from 2 to 9 weeks). Forwaters with longer MTTs differences were found, suggestingthat for those cases the MTT should be based at leaston an intercomparison of several models. Under dominantbaseflow conditions long MTTs for stream water ? 2 yr weredetected, a phenomenon also observed for shallow springs.Short MTTs for water in the top soil layer indicate a rapidexchange of surface waters with deeper soil horizons. Differencesin travel times between soils suggest that there isevidence of a land use effect on flow generation.Cuencavol. 1

hydrology and earth system sciences

Understanding uncertainties when inferring mean transit times of water trough tracer-based lumped-parameter models in Andean tropical montane cloud forest catchments