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This paper presents a case study centred on the Murrumbidgee River basin ineastern Australia. It illustrates the dynamics of the balance between waterextraction and use for food production, and efforts to mitigate and reverseconsequent degradation of the riparian environment. In particular, the papertraces the history of a pendulum swing between an exclusive focus onagricultural development and food production in the initial stages and itsattendant socio-economic benefits, followed by the gradual realization of theadverse environmental impacts, subsequent efforts to mitigate these with theuse of remedial measures, and ultimately concerted efforts and externallyimposed solutions to restore environmental health and ecosystem services. The100-year history of development within the Murrumbidgee is divided into foureras, each underpinned by the dominance of different values and norms andturning points characterized by their changes. The various stages ofdevelopment can be characterized by the dominance, in turn, of infrastructuresystems, policy frameworks, economic instruments, and technologicalsolutions. The paper argues that, to avoid these costly pendulum swings,management needs to be underpinned by long-term coupled socio-hydrologicsystem models that explicitly include the two-way coupling between human andhydrological systems, including the slow evolution of human values and normsrelating to water and the environment. Such coupled human–water systemmodels can provide insights into dominant controls of the trajectory of theirco-evolution in a given system, and can also be used to interpret patterns ofco-evolution of such coupled systems in different places across gradients ofclimatic, socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions, and in this way tohelp develop generalizable understanding

hydrology and earth system sciences

Socio-hydrologic drivers of the pendulum swing between agricultural development and environmental health: a case study from Murrumbidgee River basin, Australia