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Hourly precipitation extremes in very long time series from the Hong  Kong Observatory and the Netherlands are investigated. Using the 2 m  dew point temperature from 4 h before the rainfall event as a measure  of near surface absolute humidity, hourly precipitation extremes  closely follow a 14% per degree dependency – a scaling twice as  large as following from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. However, for  dew point temperatures above 23 °C no significant dependency on  humidity was found. Strikingly, in spite of the large difference in  climate, results are almost identical in Hong Kong and the Netherlands  for the dew point temperature range where both observational sets have  sufficient data. Trends in hourly precipitation extremes show  substantial increases over the last century for both De Bilt (the  Netherlands) and Hong Kong. For De Bilt, not only the long term trend,  but also variations in hourly precipitation extremes on  an inter-decadal timescale of 30 yr and longer, can be linked very  well to the above scaling; there is a very close resemblance between  variations in dew point temperature and precipitation intensity with  an inferred dependency of hourly precipitation extremes of 10 to  14% per degree. For Hong Kong there is no connection between  variations in humidity and those in precipitation intensity in the wet  season, May to September. This is consistent with the found zero-dependency of  precipitation intensity on humidity for dew points above  23 °C. Yet, outside the wet season humidity changes do appear to  explain the positive trend in hourly precipitation extremes, again  following a dependency close to twice the Clausius-Clapeyron relation

Scaling and trends of hourly precipitation extremes in two different climate zones – Hong Kong and the Netherlands