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Evaporation is an important process in soil-atmosphere interaction. The determination of  hydraulic properties is one of the crucial parts in the simulation of water transport in  porous media. Schneider et al. (2006) developed a new evaporation method to improve the  estimation of hydraulic properties in the dry range. In this study we used numerical  simulations of the experiment to study the physical dynamics in more detail, to optimise the  boundary conditions and to choose the optimal combination of measurements. The physical  analysis exposed, in accordance to experimental findings in the literature, two different  evaporation regimes: (i) a soil-atmosphere boundary layer dominated regime (regime I) close to  saturation and (ii) a hydraulically dominated regime (regime II). During this second regime  a drying front (interface between unsaturated and dry zone with very steep gradients)  forms which penetrates deeper into the soil as time passes. The sensitivity  analysis showed that the result is especially sensitive at the transition between the two  regimes. By changing the boundary conditions it is possible to force the system to switch  between the two regimes, e.g. from II back to I. Based on this findings a multistep  experiment was developed. The response surfaces for all parameter combinations are flat and  have a unique, localised minimum. Best parameter estimates are obtained if the evaporation  flux and a potential measurement in 2 cm depth are used as target variables. Parameter  estimation from simulated experiments with realistic measurement errors with a two-stage  Monte-Carlo Levenberg-Marquardt procedure and manual rejection of obvious misfits lead to  acceptable results for three different soil textures

Numerical study of the evaporation process and parameter estimation analysis of an evaporation experiment