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The land biosphere, atmospheric chemistry and climate are intricatelyinterconnected, yet the modeling of carbon–climate and chemistry–climateinteractions have evolved as entirely separate research communities. Wedescribe the Yale Interactive terrestrialBiosphere (YIBs) model version 1.0, a land carbon cyclemodel that has been developed for coupling to the NASA Goddard Institute forSpace Studies (GISS) ModelE2 global chemistry–climate model. The YIBs modeladapts routines from the mature TRIFFID (Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliageand Flora Including Dynamics) and CASA (Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach) models to simulateinteractive carbon assimilation, allocation, and autotrophic andheterotrophic respiration. Dynamic daily leaf area index is simulated basedon carbon allocation and temperature- and drought-dependent prognosticphenology. YIBs incorporates a semi-mechanistic ozone vegetation damagescheme. Here, we validate the present-day YIBs land carbon fluxes for threeincreasingly complex configurations: (i) offline local site level, (ii)offline global forced with WFDEI (WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied toERA-Interim data) meteorology, and (iii) online coupled to the NASA ModelE2(NASA ModelE2-YIBs). Offline YIBs has hourly and online YIBs hashalf-hourly temporal resolution. The large observational database used forvalidation includes carbon fluxes from 145 flux tower sites and multiplesatellite products. At the site level, YIBs simulates reasonable seasonality(correlation coefficient <i>R</i> > 0.8) of gross primary productivity(GPP) at 121 out of 145 sites with biases in magnitude ranging from −19to 7 % depending on plant functional type. On the global scale, theoffline model simulates an annual GPP of 125 ± 3 Pg C and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of −2.5 ± 0.7 Pg C for1982–2011, with seasonality and spatial distribution consistent with thesatellite observations. We assess present-day global ozone vegetation damageusing the offline YIBs configuration. Ozone damage reduces global GPP by2–5 % annually with regional extremes of 4–10 % in east Asia. Theonline model simulates annual GPP of 123 ± 1 Pg C and NEE of−2.7 ± 0.7 Pg C. NASA ModelE2-YIBs is a useful new tool to investigatecoupled interactions between the land carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry,and climate change

The Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere model version 1.0: description, evaluation and implementation into NASA GISS ModelE2