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Many climate models have difficulties in properly reproducing climateextremes, such as heat wave conditions. Here we use the WeatherResearch and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model with a largecombination of different atmospheric physics schemes, in combination with theNOAH land-surface scheme, with the goal of detecting the most sensitivephysics and identifying those that appear most suitable for simulating theheat wave events of 2003 in western Europe and 2010 in Russia. In total, 55 out of 216simulations combining different atmospheric physical schemes have atemperature bias smaller than 1 °C during the heat wave episodes, themajority of simulations showing a cold bias of on average 2–3 °C.Conversely, precipitation is mostly overestimated prior to heat waves, andshortwave radiation is slightly overestimated. Convection is found to bethe most sensitive atmospheric physical process impacting simulated heatwave temperature  across four different convection schemes in the simulationensemble. Based on these comparisons, we design a reduced ensemble of fivewell performing and diverse scheme configurations, which may be used in thefuture to perform heat wave analysis and to investigate the impact ofclimate change during summer in Europe

An observation-constrained multi-physics WRF ensemble for simulating European mega heat waves