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The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem)simulation with the 2005 Carbon Bond (CB05) gas-phase mechanism coupled to theModal for Aerosol Dynamics for Europe (MADE) and the volatility basis set approachfor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are conducted over a domain in NorthAmerica for 2006 and 2010 as part of the Air Quality Model EvaluationInternational Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 2 project. Following the Part 1paper that focuses on the evaluation of the 2006 simulations, this Part 2paper focuses on a comparison of model performance in 2006 and 2010 as well asanalysis of the responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistryinteractions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010. Ingeneral, emissions for gaseous and aerosol species decrease from 2006 to2010, leading to a reduction in gaseous and aerosol concentrations andassociated changes in radiation and cloud variables due to various feedbackmechanisms. WRF/Chem is able to reproduce most observations and the observedvariation trends from 2006 to 2010, despite its slightly worse performancethan WRF that is likely due to inaccurate chemistry feedbacks resulting fromless accurate emissions and chemical boundary conditions (BCONs) in 2010.Compared to 2006, the performance for most meteorological variables in 2010gives lower normalized mean biases but higher normalized mean errors andlower correlation coefficients. The model also shows poorer performance formost chemical variables in 2010. This could be attributed tounderestimations in emissions of some species, such as primary organicaerosol in some areas of the US in 2010, and inaccurate chemical BCONs andmeteorological predictions. The inclusion of chemical feedbacks in WRF/Chemreduces biases in meteorological predictions in 2010; however, it increaseserrors and weakens correlations comparing to WRF simulations. Sensitivitysimulations show that the net changes in meteorological variables from 2006to 2010 are mostly influenced by changes in meteorology and those of ozoneand fine particulate matter are influenced to a large extent by emissionsand/or chemical BCONs and to a lesser extent by changes in meteorology.Using a different set of emissions and/or chemical BCONs helps   improve theperformance of individual variables, although it does not improve the degreeof agreement with observed interannual trends. These results indicate aneed to further improve the accuracy and consistency of emissions andchemical BCONs, the representations of SOA and chemistry–meteorologyfeedbacks in the online-coupled models

geoscientific model development

Application of WRF/Chem over North America under the AQMEII Phase 2 – Part 2: Evaluation of 2010 application and responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010