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The ability of the one-dimensional lake model FLake to represent themixolimnion temperatures for tropical conditions was tested for threelocations in East Africa: Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika's northern andsouthern basins. Meteorological observations from surrounding automaticweather stations were corrected and used to drive FLake, whereas acomprehensive set of water temperature profiles served to evaluate the modelat each site. Careful forcing data correction and model configuration made itpossible to reproduce the observed mixed layer seasonality at Lake Kivu andLake Tanganyika (northern and southern basins), with correct representationof both the mixed layer depth and water temperatures. At Lake Kivu,mixolimnion temperatures predicted by FLake were found to be sensitive bothto minimal variations in the external parameters and to small changes in themeteorological driving data, in particular wind velocity. In each case, smallmodifications may lead to a regime switch, from the correctly representedseasonal mixed layer deepening to either completely mixed or permanentlystratified conditions from ~ 10 m downwards. In contrast, modeltemperatures were found to be robust close to the surface, with acceptablepredictions of near-surface water temperatures even when the seasonal mixingregime is not reproduced. FLake can thus be a suitable tool to parameterisetropical lake water surface temperatures within atmospheric predictionmodels. Finally, FLake was used to attribute the seasonal mixing cycle atLake Kivu to variations in the near-surface meteorological conditions. It wasfound that the annual mixing down to 60 m during the main dry season isprimarily due to enhanced lake evaporation and secondarily to thedecreased incoming long wave radiation, both causing a significant heat lossfrom the lake surface and associated mixolimnion cooling

Understanding the performance of the FLake model over two African Great Lakes