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This work presents the development of a two-moment cloud microphysics schemewithin version 5 of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5). Thescheme includes the implementation of a comprehensive stratiform microphysicsmodule, a new cloud coverage scheme that allows ice supersaturation, and anew microphysics module embedded within the moist convection parameterizationof GEOS-5. Comprehensive physically based descriptions of ice nucleation,including homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing, and liquid dropletactivation are implemented to describe the formation of cloud particles instratiform clouds and convective cumulus. The effect of preexisting icecrystals on the formation of cirrus clouds is also accounted for. A newparameterization of the subgrid-scale vertical velocity distributionaccounting for turbulence and gravity wave motion is also implemented. Thenew microphysics significantly improves the representation of liquid waterand ice in GEOS-5. Evaluation of the model against satellite retrievals andin situ observations shows agreement of the simulated droplet and ice crystaleffective radius, the ice mass mixing ratio and number concentration, and therelative humidity with respect to ice. When using the new microphysics, thefraction of condensate that remains as liquid follows a sigmoidal dependencywith temperature, which is in agreement with observations and whichfundamentally differs from the linear increase assumed in most models. Theperformance of the new microphysics in reproducing the observed total cloudfraction, longwave and shortwave cloud forcing, and total precipitation issimilar to the operational version of GEOS-5 and in agreement with satelliteretrievals. The new microphysics tends to underestimate the coverage ofpersistent low-level stratocumulus. Sensitivity studies showed that thesimulated cloud properties are robust to moderate variation in cloud microphysicalparameters. Significant sensitivity remains to variation in the dispersion ofthe ice crystal size distribution and the critical size for iceautoconversion. Despite these issues, the implementation of the newmicrophysics leads to a considerably improved and more realisticrepresentation of cloud processes in GEOS-5, and allows the linkage of cloudproperties to aerosol emissions

Development of two-moment cloud microphysics for liquid and ice within the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS-5)