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. Earth observations were used to evaluate the representation ofland surface temperature (LST) and vegetation coverage over Iberia in twostate-of-the-art land surface models (LSMs) – the European Centre forMedium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Carbon-Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Schemefor Surface Exchanges over Land (CHTESSEL) and the Météo-FranceInteraction between Soil Biosphere and Atmosphere model (ISBA) within theSURface EXternalisée modeling platform (SURFEX-ISBA) for the 2004–2015period. The results showed that the daily maximum LST simulated by CHTESSELover Iberia was affected by a large cold bias during summer months whencompared against the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis(LSA-SAF), reaching magnitudes larger than 10 ∘C over wideportions of central and southwestern Iberia. This error was shown to betightly linked to a misrepresentation of the vegetation cover.  In contrast,SURFEX simulations did not display such a cold bias. We show that this wasdue to the better representation of vegetation cover in SURFEX, which usesan updated land cover dataset (ECOCLIMAP-II) and an interactive vegetationevolution, representing seasonality. The representation of vegetation overIberia in CHTESSEL was improved by combining information from the EuropeanSpace Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) land cover dataset with theCopernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) leaf area index (LAI) and fraction ofvegetation coverage (FCOVER). The proposed improvement in vegetation alsoincluded a clumping approach that introduces seasonality to the vegetationcover. The results showed significant added value, removing the dailymaximum LST summer cold bias completely, without reducing the accuracy ofthe simulated LST, regardless of season or time of the day. The strikingperformance differences between SURFEX and CHTESSEL were fundamental toguiding the developments in CHTESSEL highlighting the importance of usingdifferent models. This work has important implications: first, it takesadvantage of LST, a key variable in surface–atmosphere energy and waterexchanges, which is closely related to satellite top-of-atmosphereobservations, to improve the model's representation of land surfaceprocesses. Second, CHTESSEL is the land surface model employed by ECMWF inthe production of their weather forecasts and reanalysis; hence systematicerrors in land surface variables and fluxes are then propagated into thoseproducts. Indeed, we showed that the summer daily maximum LST cold bias overIberia in CHTESSEL is present in the widely used ECMWF fifth-generationreanalysis (ERA5). Finally, our results provided hints about the interactionbetween vegetation land–atmosphere exchanges, highlighting the relevance ofthe vegetation cover and respective seasonality in representing land surfacetemperature in both CHTESSEL and SURFEX. As a whole, this work demonstratedthe added value of using multiple earth observation products forconstraining and improving weather and climate simulations.

geoscientific model development

Role of vegetation in representing land surface temperature in the CHTESSEL (CY45R1) and SURFEX-ISBA (v8.1) land surface models: a case study over Iberia