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A fully coupled three-dimensional surface and subsurface land model is\uddeveloped and applied to a site along the Columbia River to simulate\udthree-way interactions among river water, groundwater, and land surface\udprocesses. The model features the coupling of the Community Land Model\udversion 4.5 (CLM4.5) and a massively parallel multiphysics reactive\udtransport model (PFLOTRAN). The coupled model, named CP v1.0, is applied to a\ud400 m × 400 m study domain instrumented with groundwater\udmonitoring wells along the Columbia River shoreline. CP v1.0 simulations are\udperformed at three spatial resolutions (i.e., 2, 10, and 20 m) over a\ud5-year period to evaluate the impact of hydroclimatic conditions and\udspatial resolution on simulated variables. Results show that the coupled\udmodel is capable of simulating groundwater–river-water interactions driven by\udriver stage variability along managed river reaches, which are of global\udsignificance as a result of over 30 000 dams constructed worldwide during\udthe past half-century. Our numerical experiments suggest that the\udland-surface energy partitioning is strongly modulated by groundwater–river-water interactions through expanding the periodically inundated fraction of\udthe riparian zone, and enhancing moisture availability in the vadose zone via\udcapillary rise in response to the river stage change. Meanwhile, CLM4.5 fails\udto capture the key hydrologic process (i.e., groundwater–river-water\udexchange) at the site, and consequently simulates drastically different water\udand energy budgets. Furthermore, spatial resolution is found to significantly impact\udthe accuracy of estimated the mass exchange rates at the\udboundaries of the aquifer, and it becomes critical when surface and\udsubsurface become more tightly coupled with groundwater table within 6 to\ud7 meters below the surface. Inclusion of lateral subsurface flow\udinfluenced both the surface energy budget and subsurface transport processes\udas a result of river-water intrusion into the subsurface in response to\udan elevated river stage that increased soil moisture for evapotranspiration and\udsuppressed available energy for sensible heat in the warm season. The coupled\udmodel developed in this study can be used for improving mechanistic\udunderstanding of ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling along river\udcorridors under historical and future hydroclimatic changes. The dataset\udpresented in this study can also serve as a good benchmarking case for\udtesting other integrated models

Coupling a three-dimensional subsurface flow and transport model with a land surface model to simulate stream–aquifer–land interactions (CP v1.0)