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The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 years ago) is one of the\udsuite of paleoclimate simulations included in the current phase of the\udCoupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). It is an interval when\udinsolation was similar to the present, but global ice volume was at a\udmaximum, eustatic sea level was at or close to a minimum, greenhouse gas\udconcentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than\udtoday, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from\udtoday. The LGM has been a focus for the Paleoclimate Modelling\udIntercomparison Project (PMIP) since its inception, and thus many of the\udproblems that might be associated with simulating such a radically different\udclimate are well documented. The LGM state provides an ideal case study for\udevaluating climate model performance because the changes in forcing and\udtemperature between the LGM and pre-industrial are of the same order of\udmagnitude as those projected for the end of the 21st century. Thus, the CMIP6\udLGM experiment could provide additional information that can be used to\udconstrain estimates of climate sensitivity. The design of the Tier 1 LGM\udexperiment (<i>lgm</i>) includes an assessment of uncertainties in boundary\udconditions, in particular through the use of different reconstructions of the\udice sheets and of the change in dust forcing. Additional (Tier 2) sensitivity\udexperiments have been designed to quantify feedbacks associated with\udland-surface changes and aerosol loadings, and to isolate the role of\udindividual forcings. Model analysis and evaluation will capitalize on the\udrelative abundance of paleoenvironmental observations and quantitative\udclimate reconstructions already available for the LGM

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The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments