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We present a new water percolation routine added to the one-dimensional snowpack model\udCrocus as an alternative to the empirical bucket routine. This routine solves\udthe Richards equation, which describes flow of water through unsaturated\udporous snow governed by capillary suction, gravity and hydraulic conductivity\udof the snow layers. We tested the Richards routine on two data sets, one\udrecorded from an automatic weather station over the winter of 2013–2014 at\udFilefjell, Norway, and the other an idealized synthetic data set. Model results using\udthe Richards routine generally lead to higher water contents in the snow\udlayers. Snow layers often reached a point at which the ice crystals' surface area\udis completely covered by a thin film of water (the transition between\udpendular and funicular regimes), at which feedback from the snow metamorphism\udand compaction routines are expected to be nonlinear. With the synthetic\udsimulation 18 % of snow layers obtained a saturation of  >  10 % and\ud0.57 % of layers reached saturation of  >  15 %. The Richards\udroutine had a maximum liquid water content of 173.6 kg m<sup>−3</sup> whereas the\udbucket routine had a maximum of 42.1 kg m<sup>−3</sup>. We found that wet-snow\udprocesses, such as wet-snow metamorphism and wet-snow compaction rates, are\udnot accurately represented at higher water contents. These routines feed back\udon the Richards routines, which rely heavily on grain size and snow density.\udThe parameter sets for the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity\udof snow layers, which are used in the Richards routine, do not represent all\udthe snow types that can be found in a natural snowpack. We show that the new\udroutine has been implemented in the Crocus model, but due to feedback\udamplification and parameter uncertainties, meaningful applicability is\udlimited. Updating or adapting other routines in Crocus, specifically the snow\udcompaction routine and the grain metamorphism routine, is needed before\udCrocus can accurately simulate the snowpack using the Richards routine

Implementation of a physically based water percolation routine in the Crocus/SURFEX (V7.3) snowpack model